How to Write a Research Paper Introduction Paragraph

How to Write a Research Paper Introduction Paragraph How to Write a Research Paper Introduction Paragraph Many students find the writing of an introduction, especially for a demanding paper such as a research paper, to be a very challenging task. If one knows the strategies to use in writing solid introductions, this part of the research paper can be as easy to write as the other sections of the paper. For a research paper, the introduction paragraph is usually a half page in length although it can sometimes be longer depending upon the overall length of the paper and the required background information needed for the introduction. Just like other kinds of papers, the introduction of a research paper begins with statements that present the primary issue being explored and ends by offering the hypothesis or research questions on which the study or research is to be based. The introduction paragraph of a research paper, and indeed of any other kind of academic paper, should always offer a theoretical framework for the research and enable its reader to gain a clear understanding of the purpose for the research. Without a well-written introductory paragraph, it would be very difficult for readers to determine what the paper is about and to follow the presentation of ideas and evidence. Academic papers should never be written like works of fiction. While creative writing may leave the reader guessing what will happen next, academic papers always inform the reader at the beginning what the paper is about so the reader can understand and follow the contents of the paper better. The introduction of the research paper does this by providing a thesis statement on which the reader is to focus while reading the rest of the paper. Many informative articles on writing research papers and essays point out that the introduction paragraph should be the last paragraph to be written. This is a good idea because an introduction needs to provide a concise statement as to what the remainder of the paper covers. With that thought in mind, if someone is not confident in writing introduction paragraphs, then it is best to write the rest of the paper first and then finish up by writing the introduction paragraph. Doing so makes it easier to list the main points to be addressed in the bo dy of the paper. In addition, writing an outline can greatly aid one in developing a good introductory paragraph. Once one has created an outline, one can use the information from the outline to generate the contents of the introductory paragraph since the outline already lists the main points to be addressed in the paper. In summary, it is always recommended that when writing the introduction paragraph, one should begin with a few sentences that introduce the topic of the research paper to the reader. One does not provide extensive information about the topic because this will be the role of the body of the paper. Furthermore, one should strive to make the sentences in the introduction paragraph as interesting as possible. These first sentences should provide the reader with thought-provoking ideas to consider, pulling the reader into the rest of the paper. Finally, the introduction should present the hypothesis or the research questions to be explored through research and presented in the paper. You can get professional research paper help at company. We hire academic experts to provide students with custom research papers of the finest quality.

The Downfall of Equus essays

The Downfall of Equus essays From cucumbers and carrots to white rice and wheat, we humans have altered the genes of almost every food we eat. For almost 10,000 years we've been engineering plants by keeping the seeds from the best crops and planting those the next season. Following this practice year after year has resulted in a slow but steady change and a substantial cumulative effect. We've been altering the genetic makeup of crops by cross-pollinating, too. About 8,000 years ago, for example, farmers in Central America crossed two mutant strains of a weedy-looking plant called Balsas teosinte and produced the first corn on the cob. We've had success with the methods mentioned above (especially cross-pollinating), but because they rely on the random mixing of all of a plant's tens of thousands of genes, the odds of producing a crop with a desired trait is akin to winning a lottery. Today scientists can produce a change quickly by selecting a single gene that may result in a desired trait and inserting that gene directly into the chromosome of an organism. Amazingly, genes from organisms as dissimilar as bacteria and plants can be successfully inserted into each other. These activities let you compare the traditional method of selective breeding with one of the latest transgenic methods. We're going to find more examples where [it's going to be much easier to] switch off a gene or an enzyme in a plant, or add some new component Cut down the amount of lignin in the poplar trees that we're growing for paper pulp to make newspapers, [we'll get] less lignin contamination in streams and waterways We leave undisturbed vast tracts of marginal land which, if we opened to cultivation because of lack of rainfall or topography, would erode badly. They would become unproductive in a few years. Instead, [using] high-yield [agricultural practices] on the land [that is] best suited, you leave undisturbed many of these areas for wildlife habitat, for ...

Workplace Monitoring Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Workplace Monitoring - Assignment Example However, I find this notion to be overly apologist. The fact that employers are legally allowed to infringe on the private space of their workers is a reflection of a lack of trust that typifies modern society. Also, who monitors those who do the monitoring? It is hard to imagine that the workplace behavior and activities of senior management are monitored to the degree that their subordinates’ are. In the wider scheme of things, I would argue that unless a company‘s area of operations involves processes that are highly sensitive, then it is better to cultivate trust among employees and between employees and management. In this context, I base my premise on the labeling theory championed by Howard Becker. According to Becker, labels and stereotypes are instrumental in creating deviance where none should exist (Repa & Guerin 14). In this paper, workplace monitoring can be viewed as a typecast that generalizes all employees as untrustworthy. Ultimately, some employees will internalize this â€Å"label† and fight it by doing that which monitoring is supposed to negate. Finally, although the methods of workplace monitoring (e.g., video surveillance, background checks, email access and internet logs, phone tapping and phone log recording, etc.) can be used with positive intentions, their requirements are normally flaunted by employers. Workplace monitoring, if used, shou ld be limited to improving employee productivity. However, if designed strictly to keep employees on a tight leash then it defeats its rationale.

Watsons Theory of Caring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Watsons Theory of Caring - Essay Example The fact is that when there is a sharp rise in the workload and expectations, nurses are prone to lose the caring practice they are supposed to preserve. Here, the knowledge in Jean Watson’s Caring Theory can be a useful asset to any practicing nurse. This work intends to look into the tenets of Jean Watson Caring Theory, and, at the same, I reflect on my own practice as a Registered Nurse at a long term acute facility. Dr. Jean Watson is a distinguished nursing professor form Virginia. With a PhD in educational psychology, she has received many national and international awards. The very basic elements of Jean Watson’s Caring Theory are three in numbers. According to Watson (1988), they are the carative factors, the transpersonal caring relationship, and the caring moment. The Carative Factors According to the work named ‘the theory of human caring: retrospective and prospective’ published in Nursing Science Quarterly in the year 1997 by Watson (1997), car ative factors should be considered as the guidelines towards the very basis of nursing. According to the scholar, the traditional medicine considers curative factors as the main function of nursing, and hence, she developed the term ‘carative’ factors to point out that the core of nursing is not in cure; but in care. As the scholar points out in the work, there are ten important aspects of carative factors. The very first element is humanistic and selfless system of value. It is followed by, and linked to, other aspects like faith, sensitivity to the feelings of others, showing a helping nature, showing positive feelings, showing problem-solving mentality, the tendency to teach and learn, creating an atmosphere of mental, physical, and spiritual well-being, and finally, ensuring proper assistance to human needs. The term altruism, in nursing, can be termed as taking such decisions that are in the best interest of the patient. Admittedly, with more and more modern techno logies at hand, nurses are made to take such ethical decisions that are a matter of life and death. Here, it becomes necessary for a nurse to take such decisions that respect the patient. Here, I am forced to look back into my own practice as a nurse and the instances where I got stuck in ethical dilemmas. Two years ago, I had a patient who was, in fact, a Jehovah’s Witness. It was rather necessary for him to receive blood products from others to sustain his life, but his religious beliefs did not allow him to do so. Being the person responsible to do the same, I was in a dilemma; either I could force the patient to accept the treatment, or accept his suggestion. Here, I had to report the same back to the Ethics Committee of the setting to reach a decision. There I understood the fact that in order to be altruistic, one needs to respect the cultural and personal beliefs of the patient. However, a thorough scrutiny proves that there are more important things at play here. To i llustrate, the family of a patient who is on life-sustaining treatments for no apparent benefit may be too confused and reluctant to take the decision to remove the same. In one such instance, I managed to convince the family of the patient that the ethics committee of the setting would help them to reach a decision that would be in the best interest of the patient. When the ethics committee came up with the decision to stop the life-sustaining treatment, the family was willing to cooperate as they were convinced that the decision was in their best interest. As one goes ahead, one can see that the term ‘carative’ was replaced by, or evolved into, another term ‘caritas’ as Watson modified her theory; and according to the scholar (as

Should the State Try to Make You a Better Person Essay Example for Free

Should the State Try to Make You a Better Person Essay The importance of becoming a better individual relies on a personal desire of satisfying the necessity of being accepted in a society. Most individuals want to be better people in order to be happier and be able to enjoy life, but is it government responsible to make better people? The answer to this question is not easy, â€Å"being better† is a biased topic in which each person has a different perception about â€Å"being better. â€Å"Better people† is not easy to delineate, people live under different standards founded on their own values or morals that are often compare with others views. However, government should not be responsible to make people better. Government must support individuality and autonomy, equally protecting all citizens human and civil rights; respecting individual decisions about personal matters taken according to own values. Government must support individuality and autonomy as an effort to make people responsible for their own actions. Personal autonomy refers to the ability to objectively self-enforce regulations. This concept is grounded on different perceptions involving moral obligation and responsibility. Citizens have a moral and ethical obligation when making personal decisions related to the type of people they want to be. The personal desire of becoming a better individual is a personal choice based on personal beliefs related to the integrity, honesty, kindness and morals; these standards are not created or regulated by the government. These philosophies are based on factors involving economic, social and emotional aspects that influence individual perception of the reality. It is government’s obligation to protect individuals but not to dictate them; as said it by former president Thomas Jefferson, â€Å"Man is not made for the State, but the State for man, and it derives its powers from the consent of the governed. † Government’s responsibility is not to make better people but to protect people’s human and civil rights letting them to decide what kind of people want to be. The equally protection of human and civil rights should be a priority for the government. Defending people’s rights implies the creation and enforcement of laws and regulation that should be followed by the citizens in order to keep the balance and peace of the society. These regulations should guarantee all citizens an equal opportunity to make ethical and responsible decisions regarding their personal objectives without affecting others rights. The government was reated by people to the people to work as a mediator reconciling and providing to the population with conventional solutions to the possible disagreements among the citizens of the society avoiding injustices and ruling with fairness; taking under consideration free will, the right to make personal decisions based on reason rather than instinct. Making a government responsible for personal choices promotes dependence; mutilating individuality and autonomy. It must be people’s responsibility to make the decision of being a better person and it is government obligation to respect personal desires and individual goals of the citizens. It is the people’s right to take the necessary actions to achieve a higher level in life. The right to be a better person is not a guarantee, it is a right and it must be protected by the law. The founding fathers considered the right to become a better individual to be important, living life as people choose, having the liberty to become the person that each individual wants to be based on their own values and morals. People must be free to choose their values and their means as well the actions needed to become the person they want. Although prohibitions and regulations can constrain people to please their desires if those wishes lack or moral obligation; government can interfere with individual goals if those goals somehow affect others people’s rights. Every human being has certain standards that are often compared with others in order to give a personal meaning to the word â€Å"better. The meaning of being a better person is predisposed; it can be based on different factors such as economic, emotional or social among others. In order to know if people is becoming better it is necessary to compare two different situations related to a specific matter. This comparison is influenced by personal preferences, conditions and desires clouded by assumptions created on experiences or previous knowledge. Therefore, government should not be responsible for making better people. The State is obligated to guarantee the individuality, autonomy and the safe to all citizens of its society as a whole; providing infrastructure and a nonviolent place that promotes an environment dedicated to maximize independence and autonomy; making its citizens to grow as human beings while equally protecting their individuals’ human and civil rights. It is people’s responsibility to become better individuals by making responsible choices based on own morals and principles without affecting others’ lives and understanding that personal beliefs ends where other individuals beliefs begins.

Biblical Dating :: Dating Bible Relationships Christianity Essays

Biblical Dating When one mentions the term "dating" it can produce, on the ambivalence continuum, feelings ranging from delightful bliss to genuine confusion or even aversion. Before I begin, let's bring some definition to this often nebulous term "dating". Webster defines dating simply as: "to have social engagements with persons of the opposite sex". In a casual sense, therefore, dating can certainly mean hanging out with the opposite sex for non-romantic purposes. Some of these engagements could be having coffee to talk about work, or other common interests. Dating is could also be defined as "playing the field" where someone is attempting to meet as many people as possible in an attempt to find the right one (dating is a means) or where the person simply enjoys seeing as many people as possible (dating is the end). When one person dates as an end in itself (dates just to date) and his/her interest dates as a means to a more significant end (dates to meet the "right one") you can expect conflict and heartache to arise. This paper will narrow the definition and focus on dating as a romantic tool and discuss how best to do this dating thing. THE GAME Lately, I have become disillusioned by the world's dating practices and procedures. This is elaborated by what I call the "dating flowchart". Here's how it works in its simplified form: First, you (forgive the second person usage) target an aesthetically appealing female (or male whatever the case). I mention the aesthetic motivation because most people initiate the dating process because of appearance, and an ugly carcass is rarely the initiating factor. Thus, in the "dating realm" appearance acts as the main catalyst. And not that this is a particularly bad thing to do. But I have certainly met girls who "became" more beautiful the more I got to know them because their personality made them so. More often than not though, in the dating realm the personality is not something that serves as the standard catalyst. John Calvin, with respect to females, wrote about what appealed to him, "I am not of the wild race of lovers who, at the first sight of a fine figure, embrace all the faults of their beloved. This is only beauty which allures me, if she is chaste, if not too nice or fastidious, if economical, if patient, if there is hope that she will be interested about my health".

Dbq on Ancient Greece

DBQ: Ancient Greek Civilization There were many great ancient civilizations that set the foundation for modern western culture to develop; yet none influenced our modern-day civilization more than the Greeks. The ancient Greeks were revolutionaries in many fields, such as science, philosophy, governmental structure, and warfare tactics. Without Greek influence, the world today would lack some of its greatest pieces of art, philosophy, and human values. The ancient Greeks revolutionized human thought and philosophy, changed mankind’s values toward human life, and introduced art and culture that exemplifies human creativity of the era. Greeks revolutionized human thought and philosophy. They were the first civilization to embrace the idea that humans can reason, and self-examination is important for mankind if man wishes to better understand himself and his world. For instance, one of Greece’s most famous philosophers, Socrates, stated: â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living,† (Document 1). Socrates is one of the most renowned philosophers in all of ancient Greece. His statement is revolutionary because it demonstrates how mankind must examine his own life to make it meaningful, a new theory in the world. Previously, man accepted the notion that you were born in your place and must accept whatever your ruler and/or priest tells you believe, but Socrates believed that man must examine himself to truly better their own lives. Another revolutionary thought of the Greeks was made in the fields of mathematics. For example a Greek mathematician named Euclid developed the theorem: â€Å"If you straight lines cut one another, the vertical, or opposite, angles shall be equal,† (Document 5). Euclid is a prime example of how Greeks advanced in the mathematical world, pushing human thought to new limits. The Greeks were very influential on our modern concepts of mathematics, laying the foundation for advances in all scientific fields. Even though the Greeks set the foundation for modern sciences and philosophy, their most important contribution in this area is undoubtedly their appreciation and respect for human reason. Greeks took great pride in their ability to reason. For instance, another famous Greek philosopher, Aristotle, stated: â€Å"Since human reason is the most godlike part of human ature, a life guided by human reason is superior to any other†¦ For man, this is the life of reason, since the faculty of reason is distinguished characteristics of human beings,† (Document 2). Aristotle believed the most important characteristic of human nature is the ability to reason. The Greeks were the first use logic to solve their problems. They used their logic to understand the natural world and question authority, using logic to make decisions best for themselves and thei r polis. The Greeks revolutionized human thought, setting the foundation for possible advancement in our western civilization.

Notes Safety Management

Definition of Terms: Accident – an unplanned, undesired event that may result in harm to people, damage to property or loss to process. Near miss or near accident – an incident resulting in neither an injury nor property damage. Hazard – is any existing or potential condition in the workplace that by interacting with other variables, can result in death, injuries, property damage, and other losses. Hazard control -involves developing a program to recognize, evaluate, and eliminate (or at least reduce ) the destructive effects of azards arising from human errors and from conditions in the workplace.Loss control – is accident prevention, achieved through a complete safety and health hazard control program. Loss control involves preventing employee injuries, occupational illnesses, and accidental damage to the company's property. It also includes preventing injuries, illnesses, and property damage that may involve visitors and the public. Responsibility †“ is having to answer to higher management for activities and results. Authority- the right to correct, command, and determine the courses of action. Delegation – the sharing authority and responsibility with others.Even though we delegate responsibility, we cannot be completely relieved of it. Accountability – an active measurement taken by management to ensure compliance with standards. Safety Management: Safety Management will help us understand our safety responsibilities, take positive actions to prevent accidents, and give you a way of measuring how well we perform our safety duties. As a necessary part of the management process, hazard control is made up of safety audits and evaluation, sound operating and design procedure, perator training, inspection and testing programs, and effective communication regarding hazards and their control.A hazard control program coordinates shared responsibility among departments and underscores the interrelationships among wor kers, their equipment , and the work environment. Many of us mistakenly believe that accidents are only those incidents that result in serious injuries. If a minor injury or property damage results in an accident, some supervisors shrug off the incident and return to their routine work. They let the results of an accident determine their evel of interest in investigating its causes and preventing a recurrence.But we know that the results of an accident ( the degree of loss resulting from it ) are a matter of chance. It would be better to try to control the hazards that lead to accident than try to minimize, the damage done once and accident occurs. Loss control through accident prevention must be accomplished at all times. During safety inspection, be alert for anything that may cause an accident, such as tripping hazards, fire hazards, poorly stacked materials, poor housekeeping, safeguards are missing from machines, nd/or unsafe worker practices.Safety responsibilities cannot be s eparated from the other parts of your work. The best way to describe your Job is to say that you are responsible for safe production. Safety Responsibility as Performance Measure: Areas ot Responsibility: There are tour areas that supervisors must control: 1 Production 2. Quality 3. cost 4. Loss control Production, quality, cost, and loss control are of equal importance in measuring Job performance and cannot really be separated. When you accept a supervisory Job, you lso assume responsibility for the safety of your people.Every supervisor in any company is responsible for the safety of his or her workers. The top manager cannot handle all the details of every Job, so he or she delegates accident prevention responsibilities, along with commensurate authority, to various middle managers. In turn, the middle manager, will delegate responsibility for safety and accident prevention to the supervisor. Thus, you are accountable to your manager for accident prevention, Just as he or she is accountable to the top manager.

Measuring the Key Performance Behaviors

Measuring the Key Performance Behaviors Retail sales associate This position entails general sales roles and book keeping of sales records. Besides, the position demands flexibility since the occupant is expected to be an all rounder in performance of general sales duties. The individual must possess strong concentration level which will determine his or her actual and expected outcome.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Measuring the Key Performance Behaviors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The concentration level must remain active in developing dependence of interest attached to different sales activities and creating proactive relationships with fellow team mates. The individual must be self motivated. Thus, the job description is summarised below. Job Description Retail sales associate roles: Promoting and marketing of the company’s products Planning and organizing sales drives in different regions Setting personal targets within the compan y’s targets Planning of the sales strategies and monitoring progress of the previous plans Registering and receiving bi-monthly sales reports Collecting products that are defective from customers within a defined region Answer questions about the products Being the company’s brand ambassador to new clients Job Requirements: University degree in sales and marketing Language skills: Fluent in English and the local language Two years experience in senior management position Proficient with the latest sales and marketing applications Organization behavior modification plan In order to successfully create an organization behavior modification plan, it is imperative to review the good reputation, concentrate on the ‘right stuff’ and defining the ‘stuff’. Under defining ‘stuff’ module, it is important to balance the performance of the employees with effort they place in the technical elements of sales activities. In the concentration on the right stuff, the bottom line should revolve around values of the organization that would restore the critical tasks which define success (Albert 2004). Under reputation building, the plan should review the problem solving skills that motivate and create invaluable assets out of employees. This is summarized on the below diagram. Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More (Source: Self generated) Measuring the key performance behaviors Employee response The HRM department may use the employee response rate to the changes proposed in order to measure their perception against company goals (Albert 2004). Through employee response, it is possible to focus on future performance of the company. Product performance It is possible to measure success of the proposed change through reviewing the performance of the product in the market. Reflectively, when product sales inc rease more than previously at a constant rate, it is in order to declare the proposed changes as successful (Adrian 2004). Informing the employees of the new standards Live meetings In earlier centuries, communication model was depicted as a linear process in which one person directly conveyed message to another person. In the twenty first century, communication models are interactions of transaction processes where both sender and receiver have an influence on each other as they interact within the realms of organizational cultural context. Thus, the HRM may organize live meeting to inform the employees of the new performance standards. The delivery method for communicating the change message will be face to face meeting since the message requires proactive participation among the employees (Adrian 2004). The success measurement parameters for the communication plan include sales managers ability to convince the stakeholders to unanimously favor of the change. Organization notice b oard or website Despite communication being rated as a high corporate strategy, actionable planning of communication method is of essence to create solution oriented task and strategy implementation secession. Thus, the HRM department may communicate the changes in the company’s notice board or website for the employees to view them at their own time (Albert 2004). Plan for providing feedback 360 degree feedback Basically, the 360 degree feedback system management system may influence positive or negative perception among employees. Thus, in reviewing performance based on feedback received, the human resource management team at the company should handle any voluntary information with care to boost trust and confidentiality of the employees who form the pinnacle of organizational behavior.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Measuring the Key Performance Behaviors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, i t is critical to balance the feedback with the efficiency goals as a remedy towards inclusiveness and active participation which translates into desirable performance. Through the 360 degree feedback, commonly referred to as the multi source assessment, the HRM personnel will be in a position to manage the behavior feedback channels when appraising performance to ensure that the employees fully support the appraisals. Basically, the 360 degree feedback is critical in facilitating improvement of performance of employees. When properly implemented, the 360 degree feedback will substantially improve staff productivity, decrease grievances, increase retention and standardize performance measurement and evaluation. The evaluation can be done after every two months (Albert 2004). Focus performance management Through focus performance management, the HRM personnel will be in a position to create clear goals on performance appraisal, manage a positive feedback channel, and offer a continuou s and systematic coaching to ensure that employees perform at optimal productivity level. Thus, the best way to motivate the employees is by giving them responsibilities for achieving something and the authority to do it in their own way (Adrian 2004). Through this approach, employees will be empowered and they will feel trusted and valued by the management personnel and the company. The feedback can be provided after every two months. Re-enforcing positive employee behavior Strategy Goal setting Feedback Channel Exception Criteria Evaluation Criteria Empowering employees to participate more in the sales process Setting attainable assignments and allowing employees to consult on the same Creating interactive sessions for the workforce Establishing the organization culture and ethics Review of performance periodically after every stage of training Creating more motivational programs involving team work activities Fixing motivational programs in annual calendar Performance comp arison between teams Defining limits for responsive training Testing team spirit and insight Benefits of the organizational OBM Organization behavior forms the foundation of the company’s productivity. Through organizational behavior, a company understands how its employees behave in different conditions. In this way the organization can effectively predict behavior of its employees in the future if it implements the OBM proposal. Secondly, the company can control and develop significant human behaviors at work that finally contribute to the overall production of the organization. Lastly, ability to effectively measure productivity of the employees is vital because it is way of understanding various complexities experienced in interpersonal relations at work. The company is in a position to examine dynamics of organizational, groups and individuals relationships within the work environment when OBM is properly implemented (Albert 2004).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Essence of aligning pay to performance Aligning pay to performance is necessary to quantity individual performance within a group. This will motive employees who work harder than their counterparts to perform optimally (Aamir 2008). Besides, aligning pay to performance may facilitate rewards strategies such promotion and employee redundancy in the long run. Employees who are more will be an indicator of better performance. References Aamir, C. (2008). Impact of job involvement on ‘In-Role performance’ and organizational citizenship behavior. Journal of behavior and applied management, 9(2), 3-8 Adrian, F. (2004). The future (and past) of work psychology and organizational behavior: A personal View. Management Revue, 15(4), 7-10. Albert, M. (2004). New directions in organizational behavior. Management Review, 15(4), 12- 20.

Free sample - Critical Analysis of the Role of United Nation. translation missing

Critical Analysis of the Role of United Nation. Critical Analysis of the Role of United NationCritical Analysis of the Role of United Nation as a Third Party in Conflict Management Introduction As stated in the Preamble of the United Nations (UN), UN is determined â€Å"to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind.†[1] Since its establishment in 1945, UN’s mission is to take part in conflict prevention in order to prevent or stop any forms of violence, either between states or internal conflicts. The UN has specialized programs and agencies tasked to prevent conflicts from spreading out by targeting not only the acts of violence, but the roots of these conflicts. These programs include United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR), and many others.[2] The UN successfully accomplished conflict management tasks in the late 1980s and early 1990s in Namibia, Nicaragua and El Salvador. In fact, an entire chapter of the Agenda for Peace of 1992 by the UN Secretary-General was devoted to conflict prevention. The report suggests that between the stages of conflict intensification and the policy actions which aim at ending them, a conceptual link must be created.   Conflict prevention and dispute escalation prevention are included here. Regulation of the spread of violence if it happens is also included. And it was in these policy responses’ last segment that paved the way for conflict management.[3] The Hutus’ militia and the Tutsis’ Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF): The Extremists A political conflict can occur between states, or within a state. It can be caused by various factors. A conflict can arise from political causes. It can also arise from ideological differences,[4] economic factors, ethnic or cultural causes,[5] social causes,[6] geographical issues,[7] and even psychological causes.[Burton] What happened in Rwanda was caused by an outcome of a political conflict between two groups that are attempting get monopolize the political power over the country. Conflict Management and the Rwanda Genocide Conflict management, according to Fred Tanner, Deputy Director of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy, is â€Å"an approach that established the conceptual ground for direct outside involvement to check escalating violence by using peaceful or even coercive means, if necessary.†[8] Aside from the incidents in Yugoslavia and Somalia, the Rwanda Genocide is one of the historical event which calls for the need to reassess the role of the United Nations in conflict prevention and conflict management. And this paper tries to discuss the episodes in the Rwanda Genocide that prompted even the UN to review its own concept on conflict management. The United Nations Assistance Mission of Rwanda It was the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) that the United Nations tasked to aid the implementation of the Arusha Peace Agreement. Signed in August 4, 1993 by the government of Rwanda and the RPF, the Arusha Accords were meant to end the Rwandan Civil War. Hence, UNAMIR’s task was to aid the peace process between the Rwanda government and the rebel RPF. [9] It was established by the Security Council Resolution 872 on October 5, 1992. The purpose of the UNAMIR is to ensure Kigali’s security, monitor the ceasefire agreement between the two opposing groups, put up an expanded demilitarized zone and demobilization procedures, monitor the security situation on the final period of the transitional government’s mandate until the election, assist with mine clearance and in coordination of humanitarian assistance activities and relief operations.[10] It was Jacques-Roger Booh-Booh of Cameroon and Lieutenant-General Romà ©o Dallaire as the head of the UNAMIR. Belgian soldiers make up about 400 members of the troops. Note that Belgium has colonized Rwanda in the past. In matters of peace-keeping processes, the UN normally bans the former colonial power from taking position. The Rwanda Government and the rebels appear to follow the Arusha Peace Agreement. Both sides appear to be steadfast at creating the transitional government before the 1993 ends. However, the events that followed delayed the establishment of a transitional government. After President Habyarimana was inaugurated on January 5, 1994, major disagreements came between the opposing groups. There were warnings sent to UN alarming the assembly of the genocide that was about to happen against the Tutsi minority and anti-tribalist Hutus. The warning came three months before the mass murder. However, UN ignored these warnings.[11] (The warning about the forthcoming genocide and the perpetrators came from General Romeo Dallaire himself, cabled to the UN Secretary-General at that time, Mr. Kofi Annan. General Dallaire asked UN permission for an immediate action to intervene against the mass slaughter planned by Hutu forces. But the general’s request was declined by the UN Department of Peacekeeping.[12]) This created confusion in the UNAMIR whether or not to use power. The orders issued by UN to UNAMIR were very limited. IN short, UNAMIR was rendered useless as the thousands of people are slaughtered. The UN failed to extend the UNAMIR’s mandate to protect the people of Rwanda from the genocide. The mission’s job was limited to evacuating foreign nationals from Rwanda.[13] In fact, the peace-keeping force deployed by UN at the end of 1993, which is supposed to aid in the implementation of the cease fire between the two opposing groups, received severe criticism. There are countries that did not agree to send stronger force. One of these countries was the United States, ally of Britain.[14] The United Nation’s failed mission: â€Å"The Report on the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations During the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda† The council members of UN later acknowledged the failure of their mission to protect the peoples of Rwanda in a time where they mostly need it.[15] The UN even accepted the result of the independent inquiry lead by former Swedish Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson on the actions taken by the UN in Rwanda. The report states UN’s failure to ignore the warnings about the genocide despite the evidences that the mass slaughter will indeed happen. According to the report, UN failed in the 1994 Rwanda Genocide in many ‘fundamental respects.’[16]   (The surprising thing was that no one in the international community anticipated the level of atrocity that happened in Rwanda.) With the evidence that was forwarded to UN regarding the organized mass murder that is going to happen, a contingency plan should have been made, as mandated by the Geneva Convention.[17] The report enumerates the reasons why UN failed: First, UN not only lacked the resources, but it also lacked the commitment to prevent the genocide from happening. The UNAMIR was also found to be not well planned in a way that it can respond to possible extremist act by either camp. The UNAMIR is also stated as a watered down version of the original plan by UN on the level of strength that will be deployed to Rwanda. [18] The inquiry points out that UN’s Center for Human Rights and DPKO did not do adequate political investigation and analysis during the tensions. This resulted to the inadequacy of UNAMIR’s mandate.[19] This is also why UN’s peace-force in Rwanda was harshly criticized by the international community. Other failures that the inquiry notes were the ‘implementation of the mandate itself’, ‘confusion over the rules of engagement’, ‘failure to respond to the genocide’, ‘inadequate resources and logistic’, and many others. The report lead by Carlsson has deemed the UN useless during the worst moment in that particular episode in Rwanda’s history. However, there surely are factors that prevented the UN to come up with an in-depth analysis of the information on political situation in Rwanda, if the vital information are at UN’s disposal. As we can see in the discussion that will follow, the UN is caught in situations where it even finds itself inadequate at some moments during the tension in Rwanda. On why the United Nations (and other international agencies) did not take further steps to prevent the genocide from occurring In the international community, no one anticipated the kind of horror that happened. It was only the only close observers that the genocide will certainly happen. The messages (that is, the warnings) remained unclear for the international agencies including UN. In a report headed by Howard Adelman et al, the vague messages are found in four areas: â€Å"contradictions in the international system; the UN structure; attitude of senior officials towards messengers and inadequacies in the message sent; and interference.†[20] UN’s principle in neutrality when it comes to information gathering isn’t necessarily applicable it times when international peace and security is under serious threat. This prevented the UN to arm itself with the capacity to collect and analyze information, which are vital when it comes to conflict management, during the tensions in Rwanda. [21] Another factor that caused UN’s failure in conflict management in Rwanda is that it is trapped between disinterested nations, Tanzania and US. These nations, especially US, showed no intentions to share its collected and analyzed (a result of CIA’s ‘desk-analysis’) information to UN.[22] The structure of the UN gives power to the Secretary General to give permission to UNAMIR for an immediate action to intervene in the plot for genocide in order to prevent it from happening. However, this power is not maximized in the case of Rwanda. One reason is that UN lacks staff. (Rwanda is only monitored by one person.) However, the deeper reason lies in the restructuring of the Secretariat since 1990. It is here where UN lost its capacity to collect vital information that can be analyzed and used as basis for making contingency plans. The distribution of the Secretary-General of his responsibilities to other agencies and departments also left the DPA, which should play an essential part in conflict management, lacking in logistics to carry out the task.[23] Another area that prevented the UN to take further actions is the messengers. The agencies that are associated with UN are reluctant to divulge information. That is to say, they are suspicious as to how the political and military information will be used. One thing more is the propaganda that the Hutu-dominated mass media spread. This made many, including members of UN, suspicious of the circulating information. Even the UN Secretary-General realized the disadvantage of not having the mass media on UN’s side. Mass media might have been played an important source for information. As mentioned, UN did not expect the magnitude of the event that happened. First, just because genocide is rare, the UN concluded that it will not happen at that time in Rwanda. Second, it is confident in the Tsutsis, blind to the fact that these people are also miscalculating the conditions around them. (The Tsutsis also did not expect that the rest of the world will walk out from Rwanda the moment the Hutu extremists (militia, armed forces of the government and even civilians) tries to erase them from the face of their own country.[24] There are other factors that prevented UN from thinking clearly and thereby also preventing it from acting accordingly. First, the UN is completely confident of the Arusha Peace Agreement. Second, their sense of judgment was clouded by its past experience in Somalia. Before the genocide broke out, the situation in Rwanda is peripheral compared to many other global issues that the UN is paying attention to.[25] The Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights and other human rights agencies, as well as the RPF used the word genocide in the reports they made to UN. However, the ambiguity of the definition of genocide also created confusion on the messages conveyed to UN.[26] Another thing is that the UN seems to not learn from what happened in Burundi just six months before the Rwanda Genocide happened – around 50,000 to 100,000 people were killed. Rather than considered as a political conflict, the conflict between the Hutus and the Tsutsis were considered only as a continuing ancient feud.[27] Conclusion and Recommendation Clearly, the United Nations failed in conflict management in Rwanda. This is because it lacks the vital factors in order to carry out the task. The UN sent UNAMIR to ensure peace in Rwanda. UN becomes too confident that no genocide will occur. The UN had received warnings about the Hutu-planned genocide, but ignored it because of a complex web of factors. In some of the situations, UN is caught between states, which are members of UN, which has their own motives regarding the situation. If examined, UN failed in information gathering that is very important in conflict management. The UN should reassess its structure in order to make collecting information and making in-depth analysis more efficient. (Remember that UN lost most of these capacities when it restructured its Secretariat.) This is in connection to the Rwanda Report’s recommendation that the UN should improve its early warning capacity. And this can only be done through improving its coordination with various institutions. As suggested by the Report, the UN should improve its capacity â€Å"to analyze and respond to information about possible conflicts, and its operational capability for preventive action†. In this context, the report suggests that â€Å"further enhancement of the cooperation between different Secretariat departments, UNSECOORD programmes and agencies and outside actors, including regional and subregional organizations NGOs and the academic world, is essential.†

Building a House Utilizing Traditional Brick and Block Construction Coursework

Building a House Utilizing Traditional Brick and Block Construction - Coursework Example This research tells that the construction of brick and block traditional houses begin with the digging of the trench. The trench is the site where the foundation will be laid on and should be well inspected before the concrete is laid. This must be done in accordance with the plan of construction. The plan is very instrumental precisely when revealing the load-bearing walls and the width of the tranches to be excavated. When building the wall the choice of brick and block to be used is very important. This affects the brick to be used in the foundation and when building the course block works as far as color and size are concerned. The foundation trench concrete is therefore laid down to a depth at least 150mm or as specified in the plan. After the laying of the concrete, the bricks and blocks are laid down in cavity wall construction depending on the planned design style. The construction of the two walls is done with the two skins constructed next to one another leaving a cavity in between them. The traditional brick and block develop a relative solid 9-inch wall. The main challenge despite the thickness is the risk due to exposure to moisture. However, with the cavity, it is difficult for water to get across the void between the two skins. To effectively prevent dampness, there is need to clear up the cement falling in between the walls during construction. This is primarily because if left there for long, it will pile up hence creates a bridge which will accelerate moistening the wall course. The builders also need to tie both the brick-work and block-work skins together but carefully and at a regular interval.

Feasibility study of BAC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Feasibility study of BAC - Essay Example Happy-Smile BAC Financial Representative Code 3394 Re: Contract N234734-56-E-2353 BAC Circuitry Board Corporation Contract Task Order (CTO) 2324 Draft Final RI/FS Business Proposal Unit No. 45 Dear Mr. Happy-Smile, PAL Feasible Firm, Inc (FS) is contented to submit the Feasibility study (FS) work plan and proposal concerning the remedy of bottlenecks. The deliverable will be submitted due two weeks (dated December 25, 2011). They are incorporated with the comments of FS proposal that was submitted two weeks earlier that is (dated 10 2011). There existed no changes what so ever in the previously delivered proposal and hence no final draft will be submitted. In accordance with the scheduled proposal provided earlier are due not later than two weeks from delivery (dated January 4, 2012). If you have any questions regarding this submittal, please contact PAL Feasible Firm. Sincerely, PAL Feasible Firm, INC. Jacobs Jolly Project Manager Cc: Project Manager BAC Feasibility Study of BAC Rat ionale Feasibility studies can be employed in various ways, primarily focusing on proposed commercial ventures. Therefore, they are meant to rationally clarify the opportunities and threats in a business. For instance, in BAC firm, it is proposed to deal with bottlenecks to inflate the firm’s production and in the long-run maximize profits. Hence early determination of the viability of the notion before proceeding to the implementation stage is significantly recommended in BAC. Thus the study will provide a risk free opportunity in combating bottlenecks within the organization. Though the task may seem overwhelming, it may be cost effective and hence lure a potential investor to venture into the business for encroachment into other markets that is expansion (Kreigsmann, 1979 p. 35-42). Need for the Study The firm’s operations are primarily declining due to production bottleneck. This is as a result of unplanned shifting of workload from one process to another. The firm is therefore, having an uphill task in anticipating the workload pile up in the firm daily as a consequence of individual orders from clienteles who impose completely different workloads in each operation carried out (Rick, 1999 p. 15). Furthermore, the firm considers 4-day-rush orders which demand reworking at either one or two operations. In this event it delays delivery processes and modification necessary, because employees are shifted from one operation to another depending on demand of operation. As a consequence of this some workstations are left vacant and others overloaded. Scope of the Project The report will look into how combating bottlenecks can work in the long-run enduring financial risks in the course of the business. Furthermore, it will aid in discovering the potential working strategy and cash flows. On the other hand planners will be able to critically focus on bottlenecks and target practicable options. The employees will therefore depict their response through positive or negative feedback upon execution of the plan in BAC. BAC is a firm that deals with the manufacturing of printed circuit boards to the specifications of its different customers. Thus the firm applies innovative designs and archetype production methodologies that facilitate the firm to be adept in resolving clientele issues. Conversely, despite the successful continuance of BAC employees over its processes, several setbacks have been encountered in sustaining the firm’